Louis Paulsen
(born Jan-15-1833, died Aug-18-1891) Germany, Louis Paulsen born 1833 was in the 1860's and 1870's among the top five or six players in the World. He was a great master of defence and gifted in his insights into opening play, many of his ideas were adopted long after his death. In tournaments he was 2nd at New York 1857 (after Paul Morphy), 1st at Bristol 1861, 2nd at London 1862 (after Adolf Anderssen), 2nd at Baden-Baden 1870, 1st at Krefeld 1871, 1st at Leipzig 1877, 2nd at Leipzig 1879 and 4th= at Breslau 1889. In matches he played Adolf Anderssen three times; drawing in 1862 (+3, =2, -3) and winning in 1876 (+5, =1, -4) and 1877 (+5, =1, -3). He defeated Ignatz Von Kolisch (+7, =18, -6) in 1861 and Gustav Richard Neumann (+5, =3, -2) in 1864. He also did important analytical work with his brother Wilfried Paulsen. He died of diabetes in 1891.
"Paulsen discovered a larger number of opening ideas than any of his contemporaries. For the attack he contributed to the Scotch Game, the Goering Gambit, the Paulsen Attack, the Paulsen variations of the Vienna Game, and the Four Knights Opening. For the defence he discovered the Boleslavsky variation, the Paulsen Defence of the Kieseritzky Gambit, and the Paulsen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. He introduced the Pirc Defence and improved Black's chances in the Muzio Gambit and in several lines of the Sicilian Defence. His contributions were not confined to an odd move or improvement here and there: he also invented whole systems of play. ... Paulsen wrote no books, and none has been written on his theoretical contributions."
"Paulsen discovered a larger number of opening ideas than any of his contemporaries. For the attack he contributed to the Scotch Game, the Goering Gambit, the Paulsen Attack, the Paulsen variations of the Vienna Game, and the Four Knights Opening. For the defence he discovered the Boleslavsky variation, the Paulsen Defence of the Kieseritzky Gambit, and the Paulsen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. He introduced the Pirc Defence and improved Black's chances in the Muzio Gambit and in several lines of the Sicilian Defence. His contributions were not confined to an odd move or improvement here and there: he also invented whole systems of play. ... Paulsen wrote no books, and none has been written on his theoretical contributions."